The Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS)
اردو تنقید کی تاریخ: روایت اور جدید مباحث
This article delves into the historical evolution of Urdu criticism (Tanqid) by examining both its traditional roots and the modern debates that have shaped its trajectory. The history of Urdu criticism is as old as the language itself, originating during the Mughal period and influenced by classical Arabic, Persian, and Indian literature. This study explores significant periods in Urdu literary criticism, from its emergence in the 18th century to contemporary debates in the 21st century. The article highlights critical shifts in methodology, the rise of new literary forms, and the integration of Western literary theories into Urdu discourse. The research is enriched with references to notable critics and their contributions to the growth of Urdu literature. Moreover, the article reflects on the changing role of the critic in contemporary Urdu literary spaces, offering a comprehensive analysis of the ongoing dialogues in the field of Urdu literary criticism.
Ismat Chughtai is a prominent figure in Urdu literature, known for her bold exploration of social and cultural issues, particularly the representation of women in her works. In this article, we analyze the concept of woman as depicted in Chughtai's short stories, examining how she presents the complexities of female identity, autonomy, and the challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society. Through the lens of feminist theory, we explore the themes of sexuality, power, and societal constraints that Chughtai addresses in her writing. This study delves into the characterizations of women in her stories, focusing on their struggles with traditional norms and the evolving role of women in post-colonial India. By analyzing key short stories such as "Lihaaf," "Chandni Begum," and "Aurat," we highlight Chughtai's significant contribution to redefining the literary portrayal of women in Urdu fiction.
Rashid Ahmad Siddiqui, a distinguished Pakistani writer, is known for his witty and insightful prose that blends satire and humor to critique society. His works, primarily focusing on social issues, have had a lasting impact on Urdu literature. This article aims to explore the nuances of satire and humor in Siddiqui's prose, delving into his unique literary style, thematic concerns, and the socio-political context that shaped his writings. By analyzing a range of his works, this study sheds light on how Siddiqui used humor and satire to critique social norms, politics, and cultural traditions. The article also reflects on his contribution to the development of modern Urdu prose, examining how his humor serves not just as entertainment but also as a tool for social commentary and reform.
Postmodernism, as a cultural, philosophical, and literary movement, has exerted a significant influence on the evolution of global literary trends. Urdu literature, with its rich tradition and historical depth, is no exception. This article provides a critical review of postmodernism in Urdu literature, exploring its impact on literary forms, themes, and narrative techniques. The study delves into the ways in which postmodernist writers in Urdu have responded to the traditional norms, breaking boundaries of structure, language, and subject matter. By analyzing prominent postmodern works and comparing them with classical literature, the article investigates the tension between modernist legacies and the emerging postmodernist paradigm. The study also addresses the socio-political implications of postmodernism within the context of Urdu literature, especially in terms of identity, nationalism, and cultural representation.
This scholarly article delves into the colonial influences on Urdu literature, examining how colonialism shaped the literary traditions, themes, and intellectual discourses within the context of Urdu-speaking regions. The study evaluates the integration of British colonial rule's impact on socio-political narratives, literary styles, and the evolution of Urdu literature from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. This paper explores the influence of colonial institutions, the emergence of literary movements like modernism and realism, and the consequent changes in narrative forms and expressions. By analyzing seminal works of prominent Urdu writers such as Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu, Mirza Ghalib, Saadat Hasan Manto, and others, the paper highlights the intersection between colonial oppression and literary resistance, culminating in a distinct literary identity that reflects the socio-political changes in colonial India and the newly formed Pakistan.
انتظار حسین کے افسانوں میں اساطیری عناصر
Intizar Hussain, one of the most renowned Pakistani writers, is known for incorporating intricate and profound elements from Pakistani history, culture, and mythologies into his literary works. This paper explores the mythological elements present in his short stories, focusing on how these elements contribute to the broader understanding of human experiences, cultural identity, and societal transformation. Through a close reading of select stories from his collection, we aim to highlight the intertwining of myths and reality and examine how the blending of these two dimensions of storytelling shapes the narrative and aesthetic qualities of his work. The analysis reveals that Hussain’s utilization of mythological figures and themes serves as a mirror to the struggles of modern-day Pakistan, reflecting its tumultuous journey and the complex layers of its national psyche.
دبستانِ لکھنؤ اور دبستانِ دہلی: اسلوبیاتی فرق
The development of Urdu literature in the 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence of distinct schools of thought that shaped its literary legacy. Among the most prominent schools of Urdu poetry and prose were Dabistan-e-Lucknow and Dabistan-e-Delhi. While both schools were integral in the evolution of Urdu as a literary language, their stylistic differences reflect the social, cultural, and political environments of their time. Dabistan-e-Lucknow was marked by a delicate, refined style, whereas Dabistan-e-Delhi represented a more rigorous and classical tradition. This article explores the stylistic distinctions between these two schools, shedding light on the influence of historical, regional, and social factors on the literature produced in these cities. By analyzing their poetic forms, diction, themes, and literary innovations, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the stylistic variances that defined Urdu literature during this period
اردو ادب میں خودنوشت سوانح عمری کی روایت
This article delves into the rich tradition of autobiography in Urdu literature, examining its evolution, notable works, and cultural significance. Urdu literature has a long-standing tradition of self-narratives, where authors articulate their personal experiences, struggles, and triumphs, contributing to a larger discourse on identity, history, and society. The article explores how autobiographies in Urdu literature reflect the socio-political context of the times, the role of writers as both participants and commentators in history, and the artistic expression embedded in these works. Additionally, the study highlights key autobiographies that have shaped the genre, offering insights into the lives of prominent figures in Urdu literary history.
Dr. Muhammad Hussain Azad, a distinguished scholar and writer, has been a pivotal figure in shaping the development of Urdu prose. His works stand as milestones in the evolution of the Urdu language and literature, particularly in the context of reformative elements that he introduced. As an intellectual, Azad believed in the transformative potential of language and literature, advocating for the enhancement of Urdu prose by imbuing it with social, cultural, and moral reformative themes. This article delves into Dr. Azad’s contributions to Urdu prose, focusing on the reformist elements he championed, including the call for linguistic purity, rationality, and ethical values in literary expressions. It explores his methods of integrating societal concerns into his writings and the ways in which he impacted the literary landscape of Urdu.
Allama Muhammad Iqbal, one of the most renowned philosophers and poets of the 20th century, is considered a symbol of intellectual and spiritual revival in the Muslim world. His poetry, with its profound philosophical depth, delves into various themes, including the concept of selfhood or "Khudi." This paper explores Iqbal’s interpretation of Khudi, examining how he portrays it as a path toward self-realization, empowerment, and spiritual awakening. The study aims to analyze how Iqbal's philosophy of Khudi contributes to the philosophical discourse on individuality, personal growth, and the collective consciousness in the context of Muslim identity. Iqbal’s poetry underscores the significance of self-awareness and self-empowerment, drawing from both Western and Eastern philosophical traditions. The paper also explores the broader socio-political implications of Khudi in Iqbal's work, highlighting his vision for the revival of Muslim nations through individual and collective self-realization.
منٹو کے افسانوں میں حقیقت اور فحاشی کا مسئلہ
Saadat Hasan Manto, one of the most renowned writers in Urdu literature, is known for his bold exploration of human psychology and societal issues through his short stories. His works, particularly from the post-partition era, have been subjects of intense debate for their depiction of the harsh realities of life. Manto's stories often blur the lines between reality and obscenity, leading to complex discussions about morality, art, and literature. This article examines the dual themes of reality and obscenity in Manto's stories, analyzing how he presents human suffering, desire, and the societal taboos of his time. Through a detailed exploration of his key works, this paper delves into the controversial nature of his writings and the literary value they provide, all while reflecting on the socio-political climate of pre- and post-partition India and Pakistan. It discusses the societal implications of Manto's art, the censorship he faced, and how his portrayal of taboo subjects contributed to the evolution of Urdu literature
اردو غزل کی ارتقائی منازل: کلاسیکی سے جدیدیت تک
Urdu Ghazal, a significant form of poetic expression, has undergone a fascinating evolution, transitioning from its classical roots to a more modern and contemporary form. This paper explores the historical development of Urdu Ghazal, analyzing its transformation through various cultural, social, and political influences. The paper delves into the classical period, examining the works of iconic poets such as Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz. It further investigates the modernization of Ghazal in the 20th and 21st centuries, considering how poets like Ahmed Faraz and Parveen Shakir shaped the genre with their innovative approach. Through an analysis of thematic shifts, stylistic changes, and the impact of socio-political contexts, this study provides a comprehensive view of the Ghazal's journey from traditional to modern forms. The study also highlights the influence of globalization, modernization, and the integration of contemporary themes in the transformation of Urdu Ghazal.
The evolution of the Urdu novel has seen various transformations over the years, with the genre of social realism gaining prominence in the post-colonial era. Social realism, as a literary form, seeks to portray the social conditions and struggles faced by the common people, especially those from marginalized communities. This article explores the emergence and development of social realism in modern Urdu novels, analyzing its key themes, major works, and the socio-political context that shaped this literary movement. By focusing on writers who have portrayed the harsh realities of society, including issues of class, gender, and political oppression, the article highlights how the modern Urdu novel serves as both a mirror and a critique of Pakistani society. This study also examines the role of the novelist as a social commentator and the way in which literary works contribute to the discourse on social change and justice.
اردو ادب میں مزاح نگاری: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Humor in Urdu literature has played a significant role in social and cultural critique. This paper presents an analytical study of humor in Urdu literature, exploring its history, key contributors, and their works. Humor has not only provided entertainment but also highlighted social issues and attempted reforms.
Faiz Ahmed Faiz, a towering figure in Urdu poetry, is celebrated for his revolutionary themes that blend romanticism with resistance. His poetry resonates with political consciousness, social justice, and the struggles of the oppressed. This paper explores the revolutionary elements in Faiz’s poetry, examining his influences, themes of resistance, and the impact of his work on progressive literary movements. By analyzing key poems, the study highlights how Faiz’s verses serve as a voice against oppression, colonialism, and dictatorship while fostering hope and resilience. The paper also contextualizes his work within the broader framework of revolutionary literature, comparing his poetic style with global literary movements.
سرسید احمد خان کی اردو خدمات: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a renowned 19th-century intellectual, played a pivotal role in shaping modern Urdu literature and educational reforms in British India. His efforts to establish Urdu as a respected language of knowledge and culture laid the foundation for future generations to connect with their heritage through education. This paper delves into Sir Syed's profound impact on Urdu literature, language, and education, focusing on his literary works, educational initiatives, and his role in advocating for the modernization of Urdu. The study analyzes his contributions from historical, linguistic, and sociocultural perspectives, shedding light on his lasting influence on the Urdu language and literature. This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of Sir Syed's vision and its enduring relevance in contemporary Urdu discourse.
Copyright (c) 2023 Imperial Research Journal of Urdu(IRJU)
غزل کی تغیر پذیر فطرت: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
The ghazal, a classical form of poetry originating from Arabic and Persian literature, has evolved over centuries, adapting to various cultural, social, and political changes. This paper explores the dynamic nature of ghazal, particularly its transformation within the context of Pakistani literature. It examines how the ghazal's structure, themes, and language have changed to reflect societal shifts and individual expressions. By analyzing different phases in the evolution of the ghazal, from classical to modern, the study highlights its ability to maintain relevance while embracing change. The paper also discusses the impact of the socio-political environment on ghazal, considering how poets of different eras have shaped and reshaped this art form to express contemporary issues. Through literary analysis, this research uncovers the reasons behind the continuous transformation of the ghazal and its enduring appeal.
This article explores the contemporary shifts and evolving trends within Urdu literature, focusing on how modernity has influenced the language's literary genres, themes, and artistic expressions. From the rise of progressive thought to the emergence of postmodern techniques, Urdu literature has undergone significant transformations in the last century. These shifts reflect broader socio-political and cultural changes within Pakistan and the larger South Asian context. The paper discusses the influence of globalization, digitalization, and the changing political landscape on the creative work of contemporary Urdu writers. The research also highlights the resurgence of interest in classical Urdu forms like ghazal and nazm, while examining their modernization and adaptation in the 21st century. This study analyzes key literary movements and the works of prominent Urdu authors who have shaped these trends.
This article delves into the intellectual and artistic dimensions of the renowned Urdu poet, Mirza Ghalib, whose poetry continues to influence the literary world. The study aims to explore Ghalib's multifaceted poetic contributions through a critical examination of his intellectual perspectives and artistic expressions. Ghalib’s work transcends time and culture, as he challenges conventional norms and breaks barriers in terms of both thought and form. His poetry reflects the complexities of human emotions, the existential crises of life, and the intricate relationship between the self and the universe. This article will analyze the thematic concerns of Ghalib’s poetry, focusing on his philosophical musings, metaphysical reflections, and intricate poetic style.
اردو شاعری میں جمالیاتی تصورات: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
This research paper explores the concept of aesthetics in Urdu poetry, tracing its development, evolution, and application within the literary framework of the Urdu language. The study delves into the profound impact of aesthetic values, especially beauty, harmony, and emotion, in shaping the poetic expressions and poetic structures in classical and modern Urdu poetry. Focusing on prominent poets from the classical period like Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz, as well as contemporary poets, the paper critically examines how these poets have used aesthetic concepts in their works to evoke emotional responses, convey complex ideas, and mirror societal conditions. By analyzing the intersections of aesthetic theory with poetic techniques such as metaphors, symbolism, and imagery, this research emphasizes the importance of aesthetic values in enhancing the overall experience of poetry.